Pengembangan Bahan Ajar PAI Berbasis Multikultural Berorientasi Pada Nilai Tasamuh dan Ukhuwah Insaniyah

Abstract

This article aims to formulate a conceptual design for multicultural-based Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teaching materials oriented towards strengthening the values ​​of tasamuh (compassionate) and ukhuwah insaniyah (human brotherhood). The study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method. Data were obtained from books, national and international journal articles, and educational policy documents relevant to multicultural education, the development of PAI teaching materials, tasamuh (compassionate), and ukhuwah insaniyah (human brotherhood). The literature was selected based on the relevance of the topic, the credibility of the source, and the recency of the publication. Data collection was carried out through documentation techniques, while data analysis used content analysis through the stages of identification, categorization, interpretation, and synthesis of concepts. The results of the study indicate that multicultural-based PAI teaching materials need to be developed not only as a source of religious knowledge, but also as a means of internalizing the values ​​of tolerance, respect for diversity, social cooperation, and human brotherhood. The formulated teaching material design combines the principles of relevance, consistency, adequacy, adaptability, and ease of use with the values ​​of the Qur'an, multiculturalism theory, the Indonesian social context, and digital literacy. Thus, multicultural-based Islamic Education teaching materials have the potential to become an alternative learning method that supports strengthening inclusive, dialogical, and transformative attitudes in educational environments.